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六、电磁阀应用
1、2位3通电磁阀控制单作用气缸:
初始状态:电磁阀为常闭电磁阀，处于失电状态，单作用气缸活塞由弹簧作用在气缸左侧。
工作状态:电磁阀得电，电磁阀P口与A口通，气源由A口进入气缸，气缸活塞右移。
失电状态:电磁阀失电，电磁阀A口与R口通，气缸通过电磁阀放气，活塞在弹簧作用下回到左侧。
2、2位3通电磁阀控制气动薄膜驱动部:
初始状态:电磁阀为常闭电磁阀，处于失电状态，气动薄膜驱动部的推杆由弹簧作用下停在上位；
工作状态:电磁阀得电，电磁阀P口与A口通，气源由A口进入薄膜驱动部上气室，推动推杆下移；
失电状态:电磁阀失电，电磁阀A口与R口通，薄膜气室通过电磁阀放气，推杆在弹簀作用下回到上位。
3、 2位5通单电控电磁阀控制双作用气缸:
初始状态:电磁阀失电状态，电磁阀P口与A口相通， 气源通过A口进入双作用气动活塞驱动部左侧气室，活塞停在右侧，B口与S口相通，与B口相通的气动活塞驱动部的右侧气室为排气状态；
工作状态:电磁阀得电，电磁阀P口与B口通，气源由B口进入双作用气动活塞驱动部右侧气室，活塞移动到左侧，A口与R口相通， 与R口相通的气动活塞驱动部的左侧气室为排气状态；
失电状态:电磁阀恢复初始状态。
4、 2位5通双电控电磁阀控制双作用气缸:左侧线圈得电状态:电磁阀左侧线圈得电，电磁阀P口与A口通，气源由A口进入双作用气动活塞驱动部-侧气室，推动活塞到气缸另一侧，B口与S口相通，与B口相通的气动活塞驱动部的另一侧气室为排气状态，在另一侧线圈不得电之前会保持该状态不动；
右侧线圈得电状态:电磁阀右侧线圈得电，电磁阀P口与B口通，气源由B口进入双作用气动活塞驱动部一侧气室， 推动活塞到气缸另一侧，A口与R口相通，与A口相通的气动活塞驱动部的另一侧气室为排气状态，在另一侧线圈不得电之前会保持该状态不动。

电磁阀里有密闭的腔，在不同位置开有通孔，每个孔连接不同的油管，腔中间是活塞，两面是两块电磁铁，哪面的磁铁线圈通电阀体就会被吸引到哪边，通过控制阀体的移动来开启或关闭不同的排油孔，而进油孔是常开的，液压油就会进入不同的排油管，然后通过油的压力来推动油缸的活塞，活塞又带动活塞杆，活塞杆带动机械装置。这样通过控制电磁铁的电流通断就控制了机械运动。

一、电磁阀从原理上分为三大类：
    1）直动式电磁阀：
原理：通电时，电磁线圈产生电磁力把关闭件从阀座上提起，阀门打开；断电时，电磁力消失，弹簧把关闭件压在阀座上，阀门关闭。
特点：在真空、负压、零压时能正常工作，但通径一般不超过25mm。
    2）分步直动式电磁阀：
原理：它是一种直动和先导式相结合的原理，当入口与出口没有压差时，通电后，电磁力直接把先导小阀和主阀关闭件依次向上提起，阀门打开。当入口与出口达到启动压差时，通电后，电磁力先导小阀，主阀下腔压力上升，上腔压力下降，从而利用压差把主阀向上推开；断电时，先导阀利用弹簧力或介质压力推动关闭件，向下移动，使阀门关闭。
特点：在零压差或真空、高压时亦能可*动作，但功率较大，要求必须水平安装。
    3）先导式电磁阀：
原理：通电时，电磁力把先导孔打开，上腔室压力迅速下降，在关 闭件周围形成上低下高的压差，流体压力推动关闭件向上移动，阀门打开；断电时，弹簧力把先导孔关闭，入口压力通过旁通孔迅速腔室在关阀件周围形成下低上高的压差，流体压力推动关闭件向下移动，关闭阀门。
    特点：流体压力范围上限较高，可任意安装（需定制）但必须达到流体压差条件。

二、电磁阀从阀结构和材料上的不同与原理上的区别，分为六个分支小类：直动膜片结构、分步直动膜片结构、先导膜片结构、直动活塞结构、分步直动活塞结构、先导活塞结构。
三、电磁阀按照功能分类：水用电磁阀、蒸汽电磁阀、制冷电磁阀、低温电磁阀、燃气电磁阀、消防电磁阀、氨用电磁阀、气体电磁阀、液体电磁阀、微型电磁阀、脉冲电磁阀、液压电磁阀 常开电磁阀、油用电磁阀、直流电磁阀、高压电磁阀、防爆电磁阀等。

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压力控制阀
压力控制阀的作用:
1、用来控制液压系统中油液压力;
1)溢流阀：直动式溢流阀、先导式溢流阀
2)减压阀
2、以压力为控制信号实现油路通断。
3)顺序阀
4)压力继电器
共同工作原理:利用作用于阀心上的液压力与弹簧力相平衡的原理进行工作。
溢流阀应用实例
(1)为定量泵系统溢流稳压和定量泵、节流阀并联，阀口常开。
(2)变量泵系统提供过载保护
和变量泵组合，正常工作时阀口关闭，过载时打开，起安全保护作用,故又称安全阀。
(3)实现远程调压  p远程< p主调
(4)系统卸荷和多级调压 和二位二通阀组合(先导式)
(5)形成背压
减压阀用于降低并稳定系统中某一支路的油液压力，常用于夹紧、控制等油路中。
顺序阀是一种利用压力控制阀口通断的压力阀，因用于控制多个执行元件的动作顺序而得名。按控制油来源不同分内控和外控，按弹簧腔泄漏油引出方式不同分内泄和外泄。
压力继电器功用:根据系统压力变化,自动接通或断开电路,实现程序控制或安全保护。
工作原理: pk> pT时，柱塞上升,发出信号pk< pT时，柱塞下降,断开信号。

5.流量控制阀
功用:通过改变阀口过流面积来调节输出流量，从而控制执行元件的运动速度。
分类:节流阀、调速阀、温度补偿调速阀、分流集流阀。
常用节流口结构有锥形、三角槽形、矩形、三角形等。由节流方程知，当压力差.定时，改变开口面积即改变液阻就可改变流量。
节流阀实质相当于-一个可变节流口，借助控制机构使阀芯相对于阀体孔运动改变阀口的过流面积。
结构原理
主要零件有阀芯、阀体和螺母。阀体上右边是进油口，左边是出油口。阀芯一端开有三角尖槽，另-端加工有螺纹，旋转阀芯即可轴向移动改变阀口过流面积。为平衡液压径向力，三角槽须对称布置。
调速阀定差减压阀与节流阀串联而成，用来调节通过的流量自动补
偿负载变化的影响。
插装阀
上世纪70年代初发展起来的一种新元件，是古老锥阀的新应用。配以盖板、先导阀组成的-种多功能的复合阀。因每个插装阀基本组件有且只有两个油口，故被称为二通插装阀。
特点:
阀芯为锥阀，密封性能好，且动作灵敏;
通流能力大，抗污染;
一阀多用，易组成各式系统，结构紧凑。
特别对大流量及非矿物油介质的场合，优点更为突出。
插装阀基本组件由阀芯、阀套、弹簀和密封圈组成。根据用途不同分为方向阀组件、压力阀组件和流量阀组件。
插装阀的应用
单向阀
将方向阀组件的控制口通过阀块和盖板上的通道与油口A或B直接沟通，可组成单向阀。
二通阀
由一个二位三通电磁滑阀控制方向阀组件控制腔的通油方式，可组成二位二通阀。
三通阀
由两个方向阀组件并联而成，对外形成-一个压力油口、-一个工作油口和一一个回油口。三通插装阀的工作状态数取决于先导换向阀的工作位置数。
四通阀由两个三通阀并联而成。
叠加阀以板式阀为基础，每个叠加阀不仅起到单个阀的功能，而且还沟通阀与阀的流道。换向阀安装在最上方，对外连接油口开在最下边的底板上，其他的阀通过螺栓连接在换向阀和底板之间。