饲料称量包装的准确与否将直接影响到企业的信誉和经济效益。过去采用机械称量、人工装袋，劳动强度大、速度慢、精度低。KULICKE & SOFFA  05100-4200-000-45近几年，采用电子称量装置虽然可使其静态称量精度大大提高，但在饲料加工连续生产过程中，其动态精度仍不能保证。因此，在快速自动称量中如何提高动态称量精度，一直是饲料加工企业急需解决的难题。
本文是作者在研制饲料自动化生产设备中，为了与配料过程相协调，实现饲料生产的全部自动化，应用PLC作为动态称量包装测控设备，在硬件和软件设计中采用了一些措施和动态控制方法，较好地兼顾了称量速度与精度的矛盾，实现了饲料连续生产中动态称重计量的精度。
一、KULICKE & SOFFA  05100-4200-000-45系统工作原理
用称重传感器、放大器和PLC组成测控系统来完成饲料的称重、计量、包装的生产工艺过程，该系统以PLC为核心，配以称重传感器、放大器、各种电动执行器和机械装置，实现饲料的动态在线称重计量和包装工作。
称斗的上方是成品仓，该仓中的原料是来至饲料混合工序生产的饲料散状成品料。成品仓下是一台电动机驱动的螺旋进料装置，启动电动机，则该成品仓中的粉状饲料就随着传输绞笼的旋转而进入称斗中称量。称斗上装有三个S梁式应变式拉力传感器，称斗的重量信号直接由该传感器组转换成与之对应的电压信号，经放大器把该电压信号放大后送入PLC中进行数据处理，当达到预定值时，PLC控制停止下料，然后PLC控制开称斗门，并控制打包机自动装袋后由传送带送出。于是，就完成了饲料称量打包的自动化过程。
二、KULICKE & SOFFA  05100-4200-000-45提高动态称重精度的硬件措施
该系统用三个拉力传感器将饲料重量W变换为成线性关系的电压信号Ux，并通过两级放大器进行放大。Un表示等效到放大器输入端的噪声和干扰电压，ΔUi表示等效到输入端的漂移电压。设两级放大器的放大倍数为A，则Uo=A(Ux+Un+ΔUi)=AUx+AUn+A·ΔUi式中的第2项主要影响灵敏度，第三项主要影响系统的精度。
1、影响传感器的因素及解决办法
传感器输出信号的稳定性除决定传感器本身的性能外，还与供电电源和传感器的安装有密切关系。本系统采用UH61-100u型三只称重传感器，每只传感器单独供电，通过调节其桥路电压使三只传感器的输出灵敏度K相同，三只传感器串联输出的电压为Ux=K(E1+E2+E3)。为了提高每个传感器供桥电源的稳定性采用二次稳压，并对元器件进行老化、测试后进行选配，特别是对基准稳压管2DW233的老化处理和时漂测试，选择时漂小的通过调节其工作电流使其工作在接近零温度系数（<2ppm/℃）下，使整个传感器电源的温度稳定性优于10ppm/℃。三只拉力传感器安装在称斗和称架之间。如果传感器承受的重量与传感器轴线存有ɑ角，则将产生横向分力而引入误差ΔW=W-Wcosɑ.这对于每次称重25Kg，在称斗皮重为100Kg的情况下，即三只100Kg的传感器实际荷重为125Kg。当ɑ=4°时，称重误差就为0.43Kg。因此，安装传感器时应设法确保传感器都能垂直受力。
2、KULICKE & SOFFA  05100-4200-000-45影响系统灵敏度的因素及解决办法
影响系统灵敏度的主要因素是检测电路的内部噪声和外部干扰电压Un，它与放大器所工作的频带相关。在研制中，通过选择低噪声器件，在满足采集速度所需足够宽的频带的前提下，通过选配电阻来提高放大电路本身的共模抑制能力，整个检测系统采用双层屏蔽，采样时间选为工频周期整数倍等项措施，使整个系统获得了能分辨5g重量的灵敏度。
3、影响准确度的主要因素及解决办法
影响准确度的主要因素是整个检测系统的非线性和漂移ΔUi。其中系统的非线性，在选配元器件校正的基础上，采用了软件修正；而对于随温度和时间产生的漂移电压ΔUi，主要采用元器件的老化、测试与分选工艺，筛选掉时漂大的，然后选配温度系数进行补偿，使整个系统的静态精度达到了0.07%，为实现动态称量精度奠定了基础。
三、KULICKE & SOFFA  05100-4200-000-45提高动态称重精度的软件措施
影响动态称重精度的主要因素是被称物料的比重、流量和落差的大小，它是由成品料仓的压力和PLC所控制的进料驱动装置产生的。因此，改进控制思路，借鉴静态称量精度高的特点是提高动态计量精度的关键。为此，我们选用双速变径变距螺旋加料机，采用"先快后慢，最后点动"的控制下料方式，如图2所示。图中：Wx0为称量前PLC所采集的称斗皮重；由此PLC按照每包计量净重量的90%、95%和100%算出快速下料的终了值Wx1、慢速下料终了值Wx2和称量终了值Wx。其控制过程可以这样简单说明：在下料开始一段时间，PLC控制绞笼电动机快速下料，当检测达到快速下料的终了值Wx1时，PLC控制绞笼电动机开始慢速下料；当检测达到慢速下料的终了值Wx2时，PLC关闭绞笼电动机后采用"点动"下料，当达到或接近期望值Wx时为止。
按照上述思路，通过编写全动态控制加料的快慢、速加料和点动下料的软件模块；以及为消除空中落料对称量精度的影响，所编写的自动寻找提前停机量的软件模块等软件措施。该系统使用一年来，经计量部门两次测试，整个系统动态计量准确度优于0.2%。
四、KULICKE & SOFFA  05100-4200-000-45结论
采用PLC控制进行饲料称重包装，具有结构简单、计量准确、工作可靠，较好的兼顾了动态称重计量的精度和速度，满足了在线快速动态重量计量的要求，对水泥、食盐、面粉等的称重包装有借鉴作用和推广价值。

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