TOC与日本企业
　　TOC真的是一种对日本企业有用的方法吗？笔者的回答是“YES”。如果用一句话来概括，TOC就是“以整体最优化为目的的核心方法”。3BSE028926R2 DP840-eA日本人最大的特点是专注的工作精神和关注细节。因此，把系统看成一个整体，从整体出发抓住核心，通过核心环节达到整体最优化不是日本人的强项。如果读者通过阅读本书对TOC产生兴趣，并将其中的一部分应用到所在企业的生产改善活动中，笔者将感到由衷的欣慰。
　　TOC是什么——TOC的形成历史
　　3BSE028926R2 DP840-eA生产排程的问题点
　　TOC的出发点是生产排程问题，这是一个让生产系统相关人员长年困扰的问题。对于今天的生产系统影响最大的当属MRP（Material Requirement Planning，物料需求计划）原理。MRP是以产品结构和零部件需求等物资需求计划为基础，确定生产计划整体发展方向的一种实用技术。
　　3BSE028926R2 DP840-eA但是，MRP的生产排程是根据顾客订单和市场需求预测制订产品的标准生产计划，而生产提前期是根据提前确定的固定值制订生产计划，不考虑当前生产工序的实际负荷，即所谓的“无限产能”。
　　此后，很多MRP在原先的基础上增加了负荷计划功能。但是，这仅仅意味着生产负荷超载，若想实现负荷平衡，制订可行的生产计划，只能依靠人工来完成。但是，通过增派人手实现负荷平衡的同时，面对复杂的生产线，生产排程作业变得愈发困难，结果只能根据个人的感觉和经验进行。
　　为了解决上述问题，从20世纪70年代起，一种被称为“有限产能”的生产排程法开始在业界流行。很多生产排程软件相继开发成功，但是，没有一个系统被证实有效并在实际中推广应用。结果，现实是在很多引进MRP的企业里，生产排程主要由熟悉生产的专业生产管理负责人或生产部门的管理者根据个人经验和感觉进行。在这种背景下，TOC的前身OPT（Optimized Production Technology，最优生产技术）——一种新的生产排程系统应运而生。
　　高德拉特博士和OPT
　　20世纪70年代后半期，在以色列大学从事物理学研究的艾利？高德拉特与一个经营一家工厂的朋友见面。朋友希望向他请教有关工厂生产排程方面的问题，于是，高德拉特把自己从物理学研究中掌握的观点和知识大胆地用来解决朋友工厂面临的生产排程问题，结果出人意料地好。从此，高德拉特开始正式投身研究与生产排程相关的问题，研究过程中还融入了一些自己对生产活动大胆新颖的见解，并以此为契机创立了一种具有划时代意义的新的生产排程法。
　　3BSE028926R2 DP840-eA高德拉特为这种生产排程软件起名叫“OPT”。他把OPT带到美国，成立了一家名为Creative Out put的风险投资公司，并亲自担任这家公司的董事长。尽管一套OPT软件的售价高达40万美元，但引进这套系统的工厂产能大幅提升，生产提前期明显缩短。不久就在业界引起巨大轰动。但是，高德拉特博士一直没有公开OPT软件的具体算法逻辑，软件开发工作全部在以色列进行。这一点与MRP推出时，其工作原理全部公开的方式完全不同。因此，生产管理领域的专家们以OPT的工作原理不明为由，企图对这个软件采取无视的态度。但现实是引进OPT软件的大型企业经营效益显著改善，使这些人无法回避这个问题。Creative Out put公司迅速发展壮大，高德拉特博士的名字开始广为人知。但是，博士对OPT推广的基础并不满意。那些引进OPT的企业，其经营效益都迅速提高，但是没有人知道OPT软件幕后的算法逻辑。于是，高德拉特产生了写一本书来解释OPT基本工作原理的想法。这个想法起初几乎遭到所有人的反对。不管是CreativeOutput公司的员工、参与执笔的小说家，还是出版社，所有人都劝说博士放弃出版的念头，他们质疑有人会愿意读一部描写企业管理的小说。但是，顶着周围强烈的反对声，高德拉特博士毅然与小说家联手以小说体裁写了一本叫《目标》的小说。
　　《目标》的主人公是一个叫罗哥（Alex Rogo）的机械设备厂厂长。

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FANUC A20B-0006-0190 /02B A20B00060190
ELOX PM ISOLATION BOARD CARD 14972-9 149729
FANUC MAIN CPU BOARD A16B-2200-0200 /01A A16B22000200
NEW Yaskawa CIMR-PCD20P1 CIMRPCD20P1
YASKAWA BOARD JANCU-MIF01 /D00 JANCUMIF01
BOSCH B 830 303 451 B830303451 HYDRAULIC PROPORTIONAL BOARD
OKUMA CRP BOARD E4809-045-106-D E4809045106D
FANUC BOARD A16B-1212-0120 /01A A16B12120120
SANYO DENKI BA050FXWT512MC
DYNAPATH AUTOCON I/O INTERFACE BOARD 4201755B 4201755
GENERAL ELECTRIC BOARD 44A494521-G01 44A494521G01
FANUC BOARD A87L-0001-0084 /06C A87L00010084 W/ HITACHI MEM BOARD
Indramat KDV1.3-100-200/300-U1 KDV13100200300U1 AC SERVO Power Supply
MURATEC MOTHERBOARD Z90-30705-50 Z903070550 W/ MC8-C0078-600 & MOBD-16i
ACDC ELECTRONICS RT301-119 RT301119 POWER SUPPLY
ELOX BOARD CARD 13373-0 /C 133730
YASKAWA JANCD-MCP01 REV D04 JANCDMCP01 CONTROL PROCESSOR BOARD
FANUC A16B-0190-0010 A16B01900010 BOARD
COSEL MMC50-1 MMC501 POWER SUPPLY
FANUC A20B-0006-0200 /01A A20B00060200
NEW EMERSON DXE-480 DXE480 SERVO MOTOR
FANUC MAIN MOTHER CARD DA20B-2000-0170 /06B DA20B20000170
MURATEC MAIN CONTROLLER BOARD Z90-25090-50 Z902509050
FANUC POWER INPUT SUPPLY A14B-0061-B110 A14B0061B110
FANUC A16B-2200-0900 /02A A16B22000900 MAIN CPU BOARD
CHARMILLES BOARD 854 443 854443
VICTOR RELAY BOARD CARD 4002-01 400201
FANUC A20B-2900-0701 /01A A20B29000701 SRAM MODULE DAUGHTER CARD
FANUC A20B-0050-C552 A20B0050C552 OPTION UNIT
NEW YASKAWA CACR-IR 010101FB CACRIR010101FB
FANUC A16B-1210-0430 /03A A16B12100430 AXIS BOARD CARD
YASKAWA JANCD-I003E JANCDI003E ALSO JANCD-I0O3E MOTOMAN DF8203498-C0
SIEMENS CONTROL BOARD CARD 6FX1122-2AC02 6FX11222AC02
FANUC MOTHER MAIN BOARD A16B-1010-0040 /03D A16B10100040
OKUMA E4809-045-205-A E4809045205A OPUS 7000 ASSEMBLY CONTROLLER BOARD CARD
FANUC A20B-2002-0520 /04A A20B20020520 I/O BOARD CARD
FANUC HITACHI A87L-0001-017 A87L0001017
OKUMA MAIN BOARD CARD E4809-045-091-C E4809045091C
CHARMILLES BOARD 853 493 853493
Modicon PC-F984-685 PCF984685 Programmable Controller
YASKAWA JANCD-1001B JANCD1001B REV A YASNAC CONTROL BOARD DF8000020
OKUMA MAIN CARD MEMORY BOARD 911-1522-E48 9111522E48
YASKAWA JANCD-MCP02B-1 REV D JANCDMCP02B1 BOARD
CINCINNATI MILACRON POWER BOARD 3 531 4130A 35314130A
YASKAWA BOARD DF7000062 /C
CHARMILLES BOARD 854 444 854444
Allen Bradley 1394-AM03 /B 1394AM03 AC SERVO AXIS MODULE
OKUMA E4809-032-496-F