1771-IQ

3.PLC控制系统中电磁干扰的主要来源有哪些呢？

  (1)来自空间的辐射干扰

  空间的辐射电磁场（EMI）主要是由电力网络、电气设备的暂态过程、雷电、无线电广播、电视、雷达、高频感应加热设备等产生的，通常称为辐射干扰，其分布极为复杂。若PLC系统置于所射频场内，就回收到辐射干扰，其影响主要通过两条路径；一是直接对PLC内部的辐射，由电路感应产生干扰；而是对PLC通信内网络的辐射，由通信线路的感应引入干扰。辐射干扰与现场设备布置及设备所产生的电磁场大小，特别是频率有关，一般通过设置屏蔽电缆和PLC局部屏蔽及高压泄放元件进行保护。

  (2)来自系统外引线的干扰

  主要通过电源和信号线引入，通常称为传导干扰。这种干扰在我国工业现场较严重。

  (3)来自电源的干扰

  实践证明，因电源引入的干扰造成PLC控制系统故障的情况很多，笔者在某工程调试中遇到过，后更换隔离性能更高的PLC电源，问题才得到解决。

  PLC系统的正常供电电源均由电网供电。由于电网覆盖范围广，将受到所有空间电磁干扰而在线路上感应电压和电路。尤其是电网内部的变化，入开关操作浪涌、大型电力设备起停、交直流转动装置引起的谐波、电网短路暂态冲击等，都通过输电线路到电源边。PLC电源通常采用隔离电源，但其机构及制造工艺因素使其隔离性并不理想。实际上，由于分布参数特别是分布电容的存在，隔离是不可能的。

  (4)来自信号线引入的干扰

  与PLC控制系统连接的各类信号传输线，除了传输有效的各类信号之外，总会有外部干扰信号侵入。此干扰主要有两种途径：一是通过变送器或共用信号仪表的供电电源串入的电网干扰，这往往被忽略；二是信号线受空间电磁辐射感应的干扰，即信号线上的外部感应干扰，这是很严重的。由信号引入干扰会引起I/O信号工作异常和测量精度大大降低，严重时将引起元器件损伤。对于隔离性能差的系统，还将导致信号间互相干扰，引起共地系统总线回流，造成逻辑数据变化、误动和死机。PLC控制系统因信号引入干扰造成I/O模件损坏数相当严重，由此引起系统故障的情况也很多。

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