MDX88300
1.概述
随着科学技术的发展，PLC在工业控制中的应用越来越广泛。PLC控制系统的可靠性直接影响到工业企业的安全生产和经济运行，系统的抗干扰能力是关系到整个系统可靠运行的关键。自动化系统中所使用的各种类型PLC，有的是集中安装在控制室，有的是安装在生产现场和各电机设备上，它们大多处在强电电路和强电设备所形成的恶劣电磁环境中。要提高PLC控制系统可靠性，设计人员只有预先了解各种干扰才能有效保证系统可靠运行。
2.电磁干扰源及对系统的干扰是什么？
影响PLC控制系统的干扰源于一般影响工业控制设备的干扰源一样，大都产生在电流或电压剧烈变化的部位，这些电荷剧烈移动的部位就是噪声源，即干扰源。
干扰类型通常按干扰产生的原因、噪声的干扰模式和噪声的波形性质的不同划分。其中：按噪声产生的原因不同，分为放电噪声、浪涌噪声、高频振荡噪声等；按噪声的波形、性质不同，分为持续噪声、偶发噪声等；按声音干扰模式不同，分为共模干扰和差模干扰。共模干扰和差模干扰是一种比较常用的分类方法。共模干扰是信号对地面的电位差，主要由电网串入、地电位差及空间电磁辐射在信号线上感应的共态（同方向）电压送加所形成。共模电压有时较大，特别是采用隔离性能差的电器供电室，变送器输出信号的共模电压普遍较高，有的可高达130V以上。共模电压通过不对称电路可转换成差模电压，直接影响测控信号，造成元器件损坏（这就是一些系统I/O模件损坏率较高的原因），这种共模干扰可为直流、亦可为交流。差模干扰是指用于信号两极间得干扰电压，主要由空间电磁场在信号间耦合感应及由不平衡电路转换共模干扰所形成的电压，这种让直接叠加在信号上，直接影响测量与控制精度。
（5）来自接地系统混乱时的干扰
接地是提高电子设备电磁兼容性（EMC）的有效手段之一。正确的接地，既能抑制电磁干扰的影响，又能抑制设备向外发出干扰；而错误的接地，反而会引入严重的干扰信号，使PLC系统将无法正常工作。PLC控制系统的地线包括系统地、屏蔽地、交流地和保护地等。接地系统混乱对PLC系统的干扰主要是各个接地点电位分布不均，不同接地点间存在地电位差，引起地环路电流，影响系统正常工作。例如电缆屏蔽层必须一点接地，如果电缆屏蔽层两端A、B都接地，就存在地电位差，有电流流过屏蔽层，当发生异常状态加雷击时，地线电流将更大。
此外，屏蔽层、接地线和大地有可能构成闭合环路，在变化磁场的作用下，屏蔽层内有会出现感应电流，通过屏蔽层与芯线之间的耦合，干扰信号回路。若系统地与其它接地处理混乱，所产生的地环流可能在地线上产生不等电位分布，影响PLC内逻辑电路和模拟电路的正常工作。PLC工作的逻辑电压干扰容限较低，逻辑地电位的分布干扰容易影响PLC的逻辑运算和数据存储，造成数据混乱、程序跑飞或死机。模拟地电位的分布将导致测量精度下降，引起对信号测控的严重失真和误动作。
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